The easy thing is to just format them ext4 and use them as extra data storage.
Edit 2: don’t delete the efi partition!!! Move that just like your system partition. Unless you want to learn how to rebuild it :) unless you’re using Windows boot manager you can remove the Microsoft folder from the efi partition as well
The good news is your system partition is small so you can delete the first two partitions. Make a small boot partition if you want, make a new system partition second ( bigger than your current one), copy the existing system partition into the new one (without deleting the old one), boot into the new system partition, test that it works, then expand the fs to fill the partition. Then you can move your home partition if you want or just make your system partition huge to fill the space up to your existing home partition, then delete the last partitions an grow your home partition to fill the disk
Edit: once you know the new system partition works you delete the old one.




Afaik, those by-* paths are symlinks created by udev during boot (before switching to the real root fs) The kernel creates the actual device files directly in /dev. My guess is that Windows left an NTFS volume in an unmountable state or something and udev got stuck processing this disk before processing rules for your boot disk. This probably requires you to have a fstab entry for mounting your windows disk, but I’m not sure.
When you boot into a live distro again (I know you’re done, but maybe someone else has this problem) check if the disk has a block device file directly in /dev. Maybe check the other disk, see if you can mount it or remove references to it in fstab or unplug the device entirely.