Coal ash (from some mines) contains so much uranium that if emissions like this were detected near NPP all hell would break loose, but nobody cares. Energy content of that uranium can be higher than what was released during coal combustion
it replaces gas turbine with a fuel cell, which is a good couple % more efficient than CCGT. still under development. there is also another variant where hot offgas is generated under pressure and expanded directly. no steam, same effect
there is a power generation scheme that uses high temperature fuel cells. optimally it could run on hydrogen only, but because it runs hot, it is able to take almost any flammable gas, along with some steam, and it forms hydrogen internally, then oxidizes it. this alone generates bulk of electricity, but offgas is hot, so it goes to heat exchanger which boils water, which then turns steam turbine
This is why i always place all important info in Supplementary Information which is almost always free of charge. except on sciencedirect. fuck them
there was a time when anthropic models would refuse any question related to medicine. not because they care that hard, mind you. it’s because that bloated startup is ran by cultists and they were worried that chatbot will come up with a bioweapon
if you do that you have bigger problems
only if you take notes
this advice is specifically about sulfuric acid. it’s denser than water, so if added to it it will sink diluting itself along the way, while also heating water around and making it float to the surface. if done opposite way, water won’t mix immediately because of large density difference so neutralizatio heat will be deposited on surface between these two boiling water and throwing acid around. this matters less with other acids because less heat is deposited, and in some cases acid is less dense than water. but if you stir the acid quickly, you can do it either way as long as you control temperature. this also is the case when you need to mix two different acids
tldr you can do whatever you want as long as you know what are you doing
e: i’ve checked and heat of dilution is greatest for sulfuric acid, liquid HF is similar per gram, gaseous HCl and HBr are half of that per mol, other common acids 5-10x less esp as aqueous solutions and not neat. also the same happens when diluting acids with other solvents, like alcohols or ethers, these might be even worse because they boil at lower temperature
technically pv panels are also heat engines. this is why they need cooling
the steam part is in the rest of hydrological cycle
i heard a story about varnish factory that failed quality checks after one old guy got fired, he was a smoker and used to spit in the main reactor. some enzyme from saliva made it shinier
it will vary, just after distillation (or RO/ion exchange) it should be closer to 7 then it goes down as carbon dioxide gets absorbed. that’s why it’s buffered everywhere where it matters
in my case the size of the system was so small they didn’t have that excuse, yet they were only ever able to get correct results after experimental data was handed over to them, zero predictive power, useless
seeing that jargon file has an extensive page on retrocomputing feels like figuring out that there were archeologists in ancient egypt
some people would tell you that we can simulate small bits of chemistry but it’s flat out wrong (i might be biased as i’ve wrangled for a year with computational chemists about results that don’t conform to reality) and even then errors are so large that’s it’s useless
and then some bozo says that biology is just complicated chemistry and chemistry is just complicated physics and we can simulate physics
curious thing is that i never hear biologists or chemists saying that, only some physicists and techbros. just trying to simulate your way out of small organic chemistry problems will make you even more hopelessly lost than you were before
maybe it introduces some critical contaminant (many such cases)
that’s a weird metric to look at because drug approval happens only like, 5-15 years after end of preclinical research, sometimes longer
clinical trials also take fuckton of money but this might be also post-2008 cuts that we only see effects of now
there are still coal powerplants around and any replacement is better. geothermal doesn’t work everywhere